The Second World War was a major conflict which also had a profound impact on Ireland. Although the Emerald Isle has remained officially neutral, this has not prevented it from experiencing considerable turbulence…
During the Second World War, Ireland was in a similar position to Switzerland as a neutral country. It was located in the middle of the warring powers: the Allies – the UK, France and their allies – and the Axis – Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan.
This choice of neutrality was supported by the Irish government of the time, led by Éamon de Valera, who took office in 1937.
The “absolute neutrality” upheld by Valera was a constant source of criticism both inside and outside the country.
Because of its strategic geographical location, Ireland had to undergo drastic military limitations imposed by the Allies to limit its potential support for Germany.
For example, the UK imposed a naval blockade on the country to prevent repairs to German or Italian ships, as well as financial transfers to them.
The neutrality policy of Éamon de Valera’s governmentEamon de Valera – Public domain
Faced with growing tensions between the UK and Germany, de Valera persisted in his policy of total and absolute neutrality. In 1939, after the signing of the German-Soviet Pact and the invasion of Poland, he issued an official statement proclaiming that “Ireland will take no part in any war”.
Despite this, measures have been taken to ensure the country’s internal security: special armed units have been created to monitor ports and coasts. The military budget expected in 1941 increased by 50%, reaching £30 million (about €4 billion today).
Irish citizens were also encouraged to produce civilian goods for British forces, including medical supplies for Allied soldiers.
Ireland’s challenges as a neutral country
During the world war, incursions took place almost daily on the land borders between Ireland and the UK. British vessels often patrolled Irish waters, driving German and Italian ships to hide in safe harbors.
Despite Ireland’s neutral position, it was not respected by all: the British government stepped up Free State surveillance of their land and sea borders.
Relations between Ireland and the Allies were therefore very complicated. De Valera refused to openly acknowledge British military efforts, arguing that they “violated his neutrality”.
During the war, the island of Ireland tried to support the war effort. A strategy that earned him the Belfast Blitz, a series of 4 air attacks leading to the bombing of Belfast in Northern Ireland.
These offensives resulted in the death of more than 1,000 people, destroying almost 52% of the city.
